How The Patient Meets Criteria For The Disorders And Other...

These tests might be rehashed to give me data about how the individual s memory and other intellectual capacities are changing after some time. Tests can likewise help analyze different reasons for memory issues, for example, gentle subjective disability and vascular dementia. Alzheimer s ailment can be certainly analyzed simply after death, by connecting clinical measures with an examination of mind tissue in a dissection. (Garrett, M. D., and Valle, R. (2016) Investigate and clarify how the patient meets criteria for the disorder(s) as per the patient s side effects and the criteria sketched out in the symptomatic manual. The demonstrative criteria for Alzheimer s infection were changed to mirror a superior comprehension of the†¦show more content†¦The utilization of biomarkers for Alzheimer s malady is as yet viewed as trial and is fitting just for use by specialists as of now. The rules call for approving and institutionalizing the utilization of biomarkers before they can be connected in a clinical setting, similar to a specialist s office. Biomarkers for Alzheimer s malady did not exist when the first criteria were produced in 1984, and have been considered seriously as of late. (Garrett, M. D., and Valle, R. (2016). Assess manifestations inside the setting of a proper hypothetical introduction for this conclusion. Since the manifestations of Alzheimer s infection can hit people slowly and can be covered as quite recently typical movement of Maturing it is frequently exceptionally troublesome when it kicked the bucket you holding up side effects to draw an obvious conclusion to the fitting determination. sicknesses and ailments, for example, dementia diabetes Lyme infection dejection thyroid illness all can have an indistinguishable sort of side effects from individual having Alzheimer s malady. it is critical that early determination of this specific sickness is done as such that it is not misdiagnosed for frequently and not the misdiagnosed this specific illness can bring about years of treated side effects. TheShow MoreRelatedCommunication Disorders7061 Words   |  29 PagesCOMMUNICATION DISORDERS What is Communication Disorder? †¢ a speech, language and hearing disorder which refers to problems in communication and in related areas such as oral motor function. †¢ The symptoms vary depending on the particular type of communication disorder, but they generally center around problems communicating. †¢ Children with communication disorders have deficits in their ability to exchange information with others. COMMUNICATION †¢ a multidimensional dynamic process thatRead MoreCaring for People with Additional Needs11935 Words   |  48 Pagesprovide an explanation with great content of the effects on people who are in need of these services due to their additional needs. Finally, I intend to record in depth and show understanding of each stage of the care management process and evaluate how it is used to access, plan, implement, monitor and review individual care plans. Definition of disability â€Å"A physical or mental impairment, which has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on a person s ability to carry Read MoreAbnormal Psychology Terms9960 Words   |  40 Pagesstatement I knew right after we got home from the hospital that our kid had a problem, the parents said. unless the parent is using 20-20 hindsight, the childs diagnosis most likely is im concerned about Ritalin use; its possible effects on childrens growth, and its increasing heart-attack risk in hypertensive adults an acquaintance worries. your best reply, based on the most recent research is it is obvious that this case of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder arises from an early childhoodRead MoreAbnormal Psy Essay10046 Words   |  41 PagesDefinitional and Historical Considerations and Canadas Mental Health System Multiple Choice 1. An illustration of abnormal behaviour would be: A) Soiling oneself once a month at age 14. 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Like all plants, its sensitive to the environment where it grows. Some of the names for it are Mary Jane, pot, weed, grass, herb, ganja or skunk. The brain has many responses to marijuana. Marijuana can cause people to lose focus on events around them. For some it makes them more aware of their physical sensations. For others, there are numerous other effects. All forms of marijuana are mind- altering. All of the changes are caused by chemicals thatRead MoreOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 Pagesuse with your own clients and patients. It does not extend to additional clinicians or practice settings, nor does purchase by an institution constitute a site license. This license does not grant the right to reproduce these materials for resale, redistribution, or any other purposes (including but not limited to books, pamphlets, articles, video- or audiotapes, and handouts of slides for lectures or workshops). Permission to reproduce these materials for these and other purposes must be obtained inRead MoreNU 545 Unit 2 Essay10921 Words   |  44 Pagesdifferent clinical descriptions of pain; pain threshold/tolerance. - (Pg 491-495) Pain threshold is the point at which a stimulus is perceived as pain and it does not vary significantly among people or in the same person over time. - Pain tolerance is the duration of time or the intensity of pain that an individual - - will endure before initiating overt pain responses and is generally decreased with repeated exposure to pain. Acute pain is a protective mechanism that alerts the individualRead MoreIndian Social Structure and Values Ethics in Business13564 Words   |  55 Pagesincluded in the list of the scheduled tribes : Tribal populations are poor, are relatively isolated and closed groups, forming homogeneous units of production and consumption. Being economically backward, they have been exploited by the non-tribals. After independence the policy of protection and development for the population identified as tribe has been made into a constitutional obligation. A list of tribes was adopted for this purpose which had 212 names which was modified later by presidential

A Separate Peace, By Nathaniel Hawthorne - 996 Words

Humans should balance and understand the difference between good and evil. Good and evil are the superficial ideas that permeate society in many ways. However, one does not get to do in depth analysis so as to encounter such in lifestyle. As an example, at this point the planet is at the verge of a war. Humans have completely different views and perceptions of the implications such events would bring around the planet. There has always been an unending struggle of deciding between good and evil. As humans, we have a tendency to do not understand or notice a balance between them so as to achieve a positive outcome. In any work of literary art, here are sides of good as well as evil; only can win one while not the opposite does not and cannot be alive. In Nathaniel Hawthorne s stories, the influence of each good and evil were associated with faith, sin and science; making pieces of work that are both contemporary and difficult. Likely, the novel A Separate Peace by John Knowles highlights the two extremes of personalities and also the plan of war as a struggle between good and evil. In Hawthorn’s short stories like, â€Å"The Birthmark†, â€Å"Dr. Heidegger s Experiment†, and â€Å"Rappaccini s Daughter† all have combined underlying which means and demonstrate an identical relevant theme. He uses his stories to define his beliefs on the opposition between science, nature, and faith in the way of our life. In all three of Hawthorne s short stories he rejected the idea of scienceShow MoreRelatedSpheres in Scarlet Letter Essay1627 Words   |  7 Pagesdefine who they are. Nathaniel Hawthorne also criticizes the Utopian ideals that societies often hold in his novel, The Scarlet Letter. The main character, Hester goes astray from the rules of her Puritan town and must wear a scarlet letter on her chest to declare her sin. 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The guilty conscience of Dimmesdale brings him isolationRead MoreThe Neurosis of Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay example1976 Words   |  8 PagesThe Neurosis of Nathaniel Hawthorne The influence of Freuds theory of the dynamics of human personality extends far beyond the discipline of behavioral science, reaching into areas such as humanities, philosophy, and literature. Freud believed that a work of literature is the external expression of the authors unconscious mind. Therefore, we must treat the work of literature as a dream, then reveal hidden motivations and repressed desires by applying psychoanalytic techniques. In the storyRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay1764 Words   |  8 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter is a classic American novel that tells a story of Hester Prynne, a convicted adulterer, and her struggles in community that has condemned her a sinner for life. 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Management Analysis of CSL Limited Australia †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Management Analysis of CSL Limited Australia. Answer: Introduction Adoption and implementation of sustainable practices by an organization is an important process for the development and success of that organization. These sustainable practices may assist the organization in attracting and enticing a maximum customer base inside and outside the country. It is essential for an organization tocreate effective marketing strategies and operations. Marketing analysis is a technique, which is used by an organization to implement, handle and review themarketing resources and strategies. It includes various processes, which play an important role in planning, organizing, leading and controlling the organization. These practices include planning and strategy, Human Resource Management and value chain and technology. This discussion includes various marketing and sustainable practices of CSL (Commonwealth Serum Laboratories) organization. The company is implementing various sustainable practices its business operations and management. At the end, it will reco mmend some strategies, which should be implemented by CSL in the future. Company Description Commonwealth Serum Laboratories (CSL) is an international biotechnology organization with an effective product portfolio of life-saving health supplements and medicines. The organization is engaged in the business of manufacturing and delivering both the medicines, which are used to treat immune deficiencies and hemophilia and vaccines as well to inhibit infection. Since its establishment in the year 2916, the company has driven its promise to save the peoples lives by adopting latest and advanced technologies (CSL, 2017). Currently, the organization is offering these biotechnological products in over 60 countries including United Kingdom, Australia, Germany, Switzerland and United States. At CSL, there is a combination of research and development focus, financial strength and functional excellence that enables the company to recognize, create and develop innovative practices for the patients. In brief, CSL Limited is an international biotechnology organization, which examines, devel ops, produces and markets the medicines to cure and protect them from serious human diseases. The products of CSL include vaccines, blood plasma derivatives, cell culture reagents, which are used in different genetic and medical manufacturing and research operations (CSL, 2017). Importance of company in Australian and International Landscape CSL Limited is an organization that is offering biotechnology medicines for the people to save their lives. The company is very important for the country and international environment, as it offers biotechnology medicines to the people. It has importance for Australia in all the aspects, i.e. social, economic, public health, environmental. In todays scenario, use of biotechnology tool has a large positive impact on different areas of a country. Primarily, the medicines of CSL assist the country in improving the public health. In relation to CSL, it is important to consider that it uses the modern technology, which can be processed with public health practices for Australia and it is enhancing the efficacy of the country. The company has offered many effective and efficient tool to the country, like; new drugs and vaccines, effective treatment, innovative approaches to the therapeutics etc. In addition, CSL Limited provides some environmental benefits to Australia, as it restores the soil, water and natural resources at low cost (Armstrong, Kotler, Harker and Brennan, 2015). Furthermore, CSL has helped Australia to enhance the quality of lives of people. Its products have the potential to make changes in Australian society. It is reducing the need and use of chemicals in the medicines, which may impact the public health and environment. It is working with Australian Government to make investment new and innovative technologies, which may benefit the population with hemophilia worldwide. CSL is assisting Australia in controlling the pollution by reduction in the utilization of chemicals (Barney, 2014). There will be saving of refined resources as the company is utilizing natural resources for manufacturing medicines. In addition, CSL is very important for Australia in terms of economy, such as; the company claims a market capitalization of 32$ billion and providing employment to more than 14000 people in over 30 nations. Apart from its importance to Australia, CSL is offering the benefits on international level. One of the biggest subsidiaries of CSL, i.e . CSL Behring is working as an international leader in plasma protein therapeutics and has its primary premises in Germany, Australia, Switzerland and United States (Bock, 2015). Thus, it can be said that business and operations of Australia are very important for Australia and global environment. Sustainable Practices of CSL As CSL Limited is engaged in manufacturing the products by using natural resources, this is the major point, which can be considered in implementation of sustainable practices by CSL. The company is incorporating sustainable practices in its marketing strategies, i.e. product, pricing, place and promotion (Berkowitz, 2016). In Australia, the company is performing very strongly in corporate responsibility and staying on its commitment to responsibly attain growth and success by effective implementation of business strategies, making investment in research and development process to develop advanced biotherapies for serious human conditions and via its promise to gain efficiency and productivity. According to the Corporate Sustainability Report, 2013, CSL has created a significant development in evolving a sustainability culture and implementing globally-identified sustainable practices. Under its product strategy, CSL offers the products in the eco-friendly packaging, because it is very much concerned about the societal and environmental aspects. In addition, the company is using sustainable pricing strategy, under which it if offering the medicines on fair prices, so it can achieve a significant market share and increase its customer base. For promoting its products in Australia and international market, CSL is adopting various effective practices, like; sales promotion, personal selling, advertisements etc. These promotional tools will assist CSL in gaining competitive advantage and sustaining the competitive environment in Australian industry (Chandrasekaran, 2016). It is engaging in corporate social responsibility activities. The distribution channels and network of CSL include different parties, wholesalers, retailers, financial institutions and logistic companies. It helps the company in timely delivery and distribution of products and services. Thus, the mark eting mix of CSL includes various sustainable practices, which enhance its business operations. Planning and Strategy Strategic planning plays a vital role in organizing and leading the organization successfully. CSL limited is adopting various strategies to effectively plan the processes and activities effectively (Crommelin, Sindelar and Meibohm, 2013). The product concept of this company is very innovative, as there are very few players in Australia those are engaged in biotechnology medicine manufacturing. Under this planning, the company has developed and maintained strong and long lasting strategic partnership with other firms and academic institutes in Europe, North America, Asia and Australia. These partnerships assist CSL in conducting innovative research and development programs, comprising both applied and basic research in vaccines, plasma therapeutics and recombinant biotechnology. By promoting its strategic planning, the company is maintaining corporate governance for maximizing shareholder value. It is attaining a better brand image by effective strategic planning, transparency, risk management and engaging in corporate social responsibility. In addition, CSL is planning to develop licensing agreement around the innovative technologies and products. Human Resource Management Human Resource Management is an effective approach, which is executed by each and every organization for managing its employees. The company aims to offer a positive working environment to the employees and contractors. All the actions of employees are overseen by Board of the company. The top management of CSL treats its employees in a fair and lawful manner and seeks to produce a workplace culture of respect and mutual trust. It understands the significance of training the employees with right skills and abilities to perform their jobs and duties and identifying their contribution to the growth and success of organization. CSL promotes workforce diversity, collaboration, safety, health and well-being of employees and appreciate the work-life balancing. The manufacturing site of CSL implements effective HR policies, practices and programs, which fulfills the companys employment responsibilities and assist its business and corporate strategy. Leadership In managing the sustainable practices, leadership is an essential process that is important to direct and lead the business operations and employees. The global leadership group at CSL is responsible for the day to day operations of organization. The leaders at CSL, i.e. Board of Directors are responsible for the management of company and giving strategic direction to the employees and other levels of management. The organization supports leadership development via exclusive talent management programs (Cox, 2016). Leadership at CSL is very effective and dynamic, because their leaders motivate, engage and attracts more and more employees. They are practicing participative management in workplace in which, it engages others, listens and develops commitment and promise. As it is a biotechnology organization, so the leaders motivate the followers to become more responsible towards people and natural environment. They consider the issues of employees, which are related to their work and personal life. Talent management is an effective approach that is used by the leaders of CSL for maintaining and establishing competitive advantage through its human resources. The main objective of this program is to ensure the appropriate employees for right positions. It offers personal growth and development to the employees. Thus, the leadership is very effective at CSL limited (Witcomb, 2015). It is totally focused on followers and employees and assists them in enhancing their skills and abilities to perform their jobs and duties. Value Chain and Technology Value addition from manufacturing of new biotechnology medicines is foremost that is directly related to the treatment of patients. CSL Limited is offering the biotechnology medicines to the people for curing their life threatening diseases and serious human conditions. The value chain of company ensures that the patients receive the appropriate medicines at appropriate time (Grajales, et al, 2014). The value chain of CSL includes different components, like; research and development, production of medicines, distribution of products and delivery to end users etc. Before manufacturing a medicine, the organization needs to conduct research and development. CSL has developed partnerships with other organizations and institutions for conducting innovative research programs (Sargeant and Jay, 2014). In next component, CSL ensures that it manufactures the medicines by using natural and biological resources and there is no use of chemical ingredients. After completing manufacturing processes, the organization emphasizes on distribution of products among customers and patients. In this company ensures that it is adopting best transportation techniques (Taske Sarah-Jane, 2016). It handles the distribution effectively from manufacturer to end user. CSL Limited is controlling its value chain process by adopting and implementing effective strategies and processes. It is focusing on each and every process of delivering the medicines to patients. Co-creating value for partners and patients are the major capabilities of company (Hickey et al, 2013). Technology plays a vital role in the field of biotechnology, as it offers various opportunities to conduct research and gather the biological data about patients and their diseases. CSL Limited has access to advanced technologies to support the research opportunities in the beginning stage (Hsiao, 2014). Innovation is a core of everything, which CSL do in offering its products. Technology innovation is reflected in the manufacturing facilities, plasma collection, enhancing biotherapies, searching new features in existing therapies and developing new and innovative therapeutic products for fulfilling the needs of patients (Hickey et al, 2014). In addition, CSL limited is adopting modern and advanced technology resources in the production and manufacturing process of biotechnology medicines. Future Strategies Product strategy CSL Limited has been engaged in offering a variety of life-saving medicines, which are assisting the population of Australia and all over the world. The major objective behind these products is to provide healthy and normal lives to people (CSL, 2017). There are some major products of company, which are given below; Vaccines Plasma therapies Antivenoms Pharmaceuticals Other diagnostic products In the production process, the company should focus on labeling and packaging of products. It will do eco-friendly packaging of the products. Pricing strategy CSL Limited will offer its products on discount pricing and competitive pricing. It will set the prices of products lower than its competitors in Australian industry (Huang and Sarigll, 2014). Under discount pricing, the organization will give discount on medicines, in terms of volume and payment in cash. Offering heavy discounts will attract more and more customers towards its products. Promotion strategy Promotion is an important strategy for each and every organization. The companies need to incorporate various effective promotional tools to implement effective promotion strategy (Hsiao, 2014). CSL is adopting various promotional techniques in this competitive environment, like; sales promotion, advertising and personal selling. Maintaining sustainable practices will be another way to promote its products among people, as people are very much concerned about their and environmental safety (Luo et al, 2014). Recommendations and Conclusion By analyzing the above report, it can be stated that CSL Limited is an organization that is offering biotechnology medicines to save the lives of people. This analysis is conducted for evaluating the sustainable practices of company in present competitive scenario. It includes all the important processes of organization, which are practiced for enhancing business, like; leadership, planning and strategy, human resource management etc. Furthermore, there are some strategies, which can be used by CSL in the future. It is hereby recommended that the company should focus on the quality and prices of its medicines as it impacts the health of people. They should try to make the people aware about this new and innovative concept in medical science. In addition, they should use only healthy and biological ingredients in medicines. It will not affect the health of people adversely. There should be effective management of human resources, so that company can complete its manufacturing and delivery process successfully. Thus, the company should be engaged in more promotional activities, like; offline media, print media etc. It will increase its presence at both domestic and international level as well References Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Barney, J.B., 2014.Gaining and sustaining competitive advantage. Pearson Higher Ed. Bock, R., 2015. Engineering plastid genomes: methods, tools, and applications in basic research and biotechnology.Annual Review of Plant Biology,66, pp.211-241. Berkowitz, E.N., 2016.Essentials of health care marketing. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Chandrasekaran, A.R., 2016. DNA origami and biotechnology applications: a perspective.Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology,91(4), pp.843-846. Crommelin, D.J., Sindelar, R.D. and Meibohm, B. eds., 2013.Pharmaceutical biotechnology: fundamentals and applications. Springer Science Business Media. CSL, 2017, CSL Behring Acquires Biotech Company Calimmune and its Proprietary Stem Cell Gene Therapy Platform, retrieved from https://www.csl.com.au/investors/CSL-Behring-Acquires-Biotech-Company-Calimmune-and-its-Proprietary-Stem-Cell-Gene-Therapy-Platform. CSL, 2017, Board Management, retrieved from https://www.csl.com.au/about/board-management.htm. CSL, 2017, Our products areas, retrieved from https://www.csl.com.au/products. Cox, M.D., 2016. Four positions of leadership in planning, implementing, and sustaining faculty learning community programs.New Directions for Teaching and Learning,2016(148), pp.85-96. Grajales III, F.J., Sheps, S., Ho, K., Novak-Lauscher, H. and Eysenbach, G., 2014. Social media: a review and tutorial of applications in medicine and health care.Journal of medical Internet research,16(2). Hickey, G.L., Grant, S.W., Cosgriff, R., Dimarakis, I., Pagano, D., Kappetein, A.P. and Bridgewater, B., 2013. Clinical registries: governance, management, analysis and applications.European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery,44(4), pp.605-614. Huang, R. and Sarigll, E., 2014. How brand awareness relates to market outcome, brand equity, and the marketing mix. InFashion Branding and Consumer Behaviors(pp. 113-132). Springer New York. Hsiao, S.H., 2014. PTE, innovation capital and firm value interactions in the biotech medical industry.Journal of Business Research,67(12), pp.2636-2644. Luo, Y.L., Zhang, S.Q., Wan, S.X. and Zhou, T.J., 2014. A Study of Knowledge Management System Based on Data Resources of Medical Industry. InApplied Mechanics and Materials(Vol. 651, pp. 1784-1789). Trans Tech Publications. Sargeant, A. and Jay, E., 2014.Fundraising management: analysis, planning and practice. Routledge. Taske Sarah-Jane, 2016, Blood, sweat and tears of the CSL century, The Australian. Witcomb, G, 2015, CSl growth to slow as competition rises, retrieved from https://www.intelligentinvestor.com.au/CSLs-growth-to-slow-as-competition-rises.

Nursing Assignment Registered Nurse RN - Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Nursing for Registered Nurse (RN). Answer: Scenario 1 I am a first year Registered Nurse (RN) and working with my friend David in the medical ward. I come across a situation where I found David administering the wrong dilution intravenously to a patient and upon inquiring, he informed that he had the dosage form a registered nurse. On further investigation from another RN, I was confirmed that I was right that the medication needed further dilution. This is a case of critical incident reporting and such type of situation lead to patient safety issues. Nurses are the most involved among the medical professionals in the phase of medication administration and are responsible for detection and prevention of errors. However, when they get involved in errors, it causes serious harm to the patients, particularly with the intravenous medications. According to the Code for professional conduct for nurses in Australia, the nurses are expected to uphold exemplary standards of conduct when performing their duties in a competent and safe manner (Nur singmidwiferyboard.gov.au 2016). They should have accurate knowledge before administering medications to the patients and should be aware of the consequences of medication errors. Therefore, in this essay, the incident, analysis and response will be discussed according to the scenario with appropriate action to be taken. Critical Incident The primary responsibility of medication administration across settings lies with the nurses and they are also involved in the preparation and dispensing of the medications. Most of the medication administration errors are due to the wrong dose, wrong rate and wrong time of administration and are mostly for the injectable drugs causing drug overdose. Some of the identified factors responsible for these medication administration errors are performance or knowledge deficits, name confusion, misleading or similar labeling and inappropriate packaging. In this scenario, David a first year RN was found to be administering improper dilution of an intravenous medication and it required further dilution. As I approached him, he had already administered half of the medication and upon my request to stop the administration of the medication, he replied that he has already checked the medication with an RN and he was confident about the dilution. Upon cross checking with another RN, I discovered that David was wrong with the dilution and I was indeed right. From this scenario, it is obvious that since I was more experienced compared to David, I had better knowledge regarding dilutions of intravenous medications. Experience of the nurse play a major role in administration of medications and its accuracy gets better with continuous working. Since David was comparatively new to the job, he did not have the correct knowledge of dilutions of intravenous medications. David was not aware of the eight rights of medication administration that increases patient safety and makes the nurse aware of the appropriate medication and its administration. These eight rights of medication administration are right patient, right medication, right dose, right route, right time, right documentation, right reason and right response (Keers et al. 2013). The Australian Injectable Drug Handbook also gives ample information regarding the administration of injectable medications of which, David was pr obably not aware of. Apart from this, David was misguided by another RN who informed him that the dilution is appropriate. According to the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia and its rules for enrolled nurses and medication administration, it is evident that not all the enrolled nurses who do not have a notation can administer the intravenous medications (Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au 2016). The RN who misguided David did not verify his knowledge thoroughly and inquired about the notation and allowed him to administer intravenous medication. It was a case of neglecting the Code of Ethics for nurses which state that nurses should value informed decision making (Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au 2016). The RN neglected this fact and did not cross check the information passed by David regarding his decision of the dilution of the medication. Another violation of the rules can be traced in the scenario of the National competency standards for the RN which lies down several regulations a nd obligations for the RNs in accordance with their standards of professional practice (Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au 2016). The nurses are expected to do critical thinking and analysis of the available evidence which the RN seemed to ignore may be due to several reasons like heavy workload, insufficient training, unfamiliar with the medication of the patient and poor supervision. Overall, it can be said that both David and the RN did not observe the rules and regulations laid down by the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia that led to the medication administration error and compromised with patient safety. The correct procedure for administration of the intravenous mediation should have started with the thorough knowledge of the eight rights of medication administration. Checking the right dose would have given David the notion of the amount of the medication prescribed and the calculation required to be done for dilution and determining the dosage prior to administration. David was required to identify the clinical errors by reviewing the preparation to determine if it was made in accordance with the Australian Injectable Drugs Handbook and compared the dose of the preparation with the prescribed dose of the medication (Day and Snowden 2016). Experience plays a major role here and since David is new to the system, he consulted the RN who further misguided him. Therefore, only after David had been confident about his duty, he should have administered the intravenous medication which could save him from the misguidance. Since intravenous drugs readily enter the systemic circulation, it can cause serious damage to the patient health and therefore David should have been cautious about this prior to his administration of the medication. It is evident that knowledge and skill deficiencies have a greater contribution to the severity and is associated with the administration errors of the intravenous medications (Keers et al. 2014). However, the severity of the errors decrease as the RNs become experienced and since David do not have sufficient experience, he should have been accompanied by an experienced supervisor while administration of the medication. I tried to stop David while he was administering the medication as he was halfway through his job and stopping the administration would have lessened the damage. Although David was confident about his job after a consultation with the RN, there should have been a discussion with me regarding the dilution and this should have taken somewhere away from the patient. Overhearing the conversation created confusion and panic in the mind of the patient and this should not have happened. Therefore, the correct procedure of this critical incident would have been based on the codes and regulations of the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. Analysis of the Situation According to WHO, patient safety has become a global concern and RNs are the direct care providers who plays an integral role in patient safety (World Health Organization 2016). The most preventable mortality and morbidity cause in hospitals include medication administration error and therefore, have been identified as the priority issue of patient safety along with a concern for the nursing profession. The behavior of medication administration by the RNs incorporates two different phenomenon or action. This includes recommended behavior violation or unintended errors and the actions of the RNs undertaken for keeping the patients safe during administration of the medication. Therefore, there is a difference between medication administration error and medication administration behavior that the RNs are known to commit and the behavior aspect has been regarded as an outcome of the human behavior (Keers et al. 2013). Scenario 1 depicts a situation where two first year RNs were working in the medical ward with different durations where, the first RN (me) finds out that the second RN David (my friend) was administering an intravenous medication to a patient with improper dilution. Upon intervening, he informed that he has confirmed the dilution from an RN and therefore he was confident about the dosage. The first RN upon further investigation with another RN came to know that he was right was David was wrong regarding the dilution. Therefore, the main players in this scenario are the two first year RNs and the other RN who misguided David. To begin with David, it can be said that there are two domains that contribute significantly to the medication administration errors by the nurses. These domains are environment and person. The environmental domain includes the working environment disposition and the clinical activities undertaken in the healthcare settings. The person domain includes the work ex perience of the RN and the characteristics of the RN (Berdot et al. 2012). It is evident from the scenario that the medication administration error of David was a result of person domain as his experience was limited and his characteristics were not professional while administering an intravenous medication. As an RN, David is expected to adhere to the Code of professional conduct for nurses and National competency standards for the registered nurse by the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. He should have referred to the Australian Injectable Drugs Handbook prior to the administration for confirmation of the administration procedure. He should have paid attention to the advice of his friend who was more experienced compared to him for cross-checking the dilution of the medication. In addition, neglecting the eight rights of medication administration further aggravated the problem. A thorough understanding and knowledge of the steps of medication administration is essential an d the RN should be adequately trained for the job (McLeod et al. 2013). David was accountable for the health and safety of the patient and it is quite obvious that he might have lacked the basic numeracy skills required for calculation of the medication dosage. All this factors collectively led to the mishap of administration of inappropriate dilution of the intravenous medication by David. The RN who misguided David is also responsible for his mistake. According to the Code of Ethics for nurses in Australia, the guiding framework states that the RNs should abide by the eight value statements that are also applicable for the colleagues (Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au 2016). The RNs should take appropriate steps to help their colleagues to provide quality nursing care. In this scenario, the RN ignored this code of ethics due to probable reasons of heavy workload and distractions that ultimately caused David to commit an error in the dilution of the medication. According to the conduct statement 8 of the Code of professional conduct for nurses in Australia, RNs are expected to provide accurate information related to the healthcare products and the RN in the scenario neglected this statement as well (Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au 2016). He did not pass the accurate information to David regarding the process of dilution of the medication and David, being a first year RN, could not follow the calculation accurately due to lack of experience. It was also the responsibility of the other RN to effectively intervene in the process of administration of the medication by David. According to the National competency standards for the registered nurse, the nurses are expected to collaborate and communicate with the healthcare team for providing effective nursing care (Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au 2016). Since he noticed there was a discrepancy in the dilution of the medication by David and that he was not amending it in spite of making him aware, he should have reported it immediately to his supervisor for the maintenance of effective nursing care. Although he tried to rectify the mistake of David by asking him to verify his dilution volume, he did it in front of the patient that made him anxious and doubted the abilities of David. According to the value statement 7 of the Code of Ethics for nurses in Australia, the RNs are expected to value the ethical management of the obtained information among their colleagues and therefore, this information should have been passed with utmost care without letting the patient know about the dilemma regarding the dilution of the medication (Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au 2016). Therefore, it can be stated that all the three RNs had a crucial role to play in the scenario and had they followed the guidelines of the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia along with the person-centered medication administration error of David, this mistake could have been avoided. Response to the Incident Patient safety is a growing concern in the global healthcare system and the number of near miss and death cases is alarming. The scenario was a near miss case where the wrong dosage was administered to the patient by a first year RN. Such type of incidences also results in death depending upon the potency of the medication and the condition of the patient. The incidence can be responded effectively with the application of incident reporting system (Anderson et al. 2013). It is a key tool used to enhance learning and improve safety by reporting incidents on the belief that patient safety can be improved by learning from the reported incidents. There are several tools and strategies that have been developed for reducing medication administration errors and response to the incident includes a detailed analysis of the series of events that caused the incident (Lawton et al. 2012). RNs are the front line staff of the hospital and they are expected to report the medication administration e rror even if they are an observer of the incident. Since I was an observer of the incident, it is my responsibility to report the incident in the appropriate manner following the hospital protocol for reporting medication administration errors. I will be completing the medication administration error notification form and forward it to the QI (Quality Improvement) department. Then the QI department will sent the notification form by attaching the medication error sheet to David who is responsible for the medication administration error. This will be followed by sending a corresponding email to David by the QI department regarding the incident. David will be completing the medication error sheet and forward it to the QI department. Then the QI department will file and record the received medication error sheet from David and will forward a copy of the sheet to the responsible nurse manager in the medical ward who was the supervisor of David. The nurse manager will be investigating on the complete incident and I will be assisting him in this process as I discovered the incident. Upon completing the investigation, he will be filling up the follow up section present in the medication error sheet and return it to the QI department. The QI department will follow up, file, track and ensure that the medication error sheet is completed and necessary action has been taken to prevent the occurrence of such incidences in future. In the entire process, I will have to be attached to the investigation and reporting process as I was the prime witness of the incident. Medication administration errors can be prevented only with the accurate reporting of the incidents. It is evident that only 25% of the medication administration errors are actually reported by the nurses (Hartnell et al. 2012). The prime reason for this underreporting is the fear of staff punishment that might include loss of job. The other reason for underreporting is that the nurse fears that they might get la beled and revealed as the one who committed a medication administration error. It also hampers the reputation of their unit or service (Radley et al. 2013). Although David is my friend, it is my responsibility to report the medication administration error as it is concerned with patient safety and nursing responsibility. According to the value statement 1 of the Code of Ethics for nurses in Australia, nurses are expected to value the quality nursing care for all the patients (Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au 2016). Since it was a case of negligence by David, it has to be reported accordingly. Many of the medication administration errors are near miss and do not result in a potentially serious event. Even such near misses should not be neglected as it was still an error and considering them for rectification can improve the safety of the patients. Enabling proper reporting channels helps to set up a process for effective communication of the errors and near misses to the key stakeholders . After compilation of the data, the agencies of healthcare evaluate the causes of the error and create processes for reducing the risk of errors. Implementation of strategies like staff advice elicitation, budget appropriateness and staff education can result in making easy the patient safety system implementation and help to improve the internal reporting process to the patients and their families as well (Pham et al. 2012). As the patients get informed of the potential and actual errors, they inquire about the quality improvement efforts that the management has taken up and is supported by shared learning for preventing similar errors in future. They also wish to stay informed of the incident as they support reporting errors and appreciate the efforts that the organizations and clinicians take up in acknowledging errors immediately after their detection. The South Australian (SA) Health has an application named Safety Learning System (SLS) that enables the services of SA Health to analyze, investigate, manage and record the patient incidents. Consumer feedbacks are also recorded and the formal notifications are recorded that includes medical malpractice and coronial matters (Sahealth.sa.gov.au 2016). After the discovery of the incident, I could have reported the incident according to the protocol of SLS. After the incident, the patient will be provided treatment and immediate care followed by recording the incident in the SLS. Then the manager reviews the report followed by investigating the incident and documenting the action. The relevant committee reviews the data according to the location and type of incident for planning the improvement related to the patient care quality. Conclusion Medication administration errors are common in almost all the settings that may result in an adverse drug event especially with the medications that are administered in the specialty areas and have complex dosage regimen. Wrong route of administration, wrong drug and wrong dose are the most common forms of the medication administration errors. In the present scenario, David was found to commit an error with the wrong dose and he was confident about his job in spite of the error because of misleading by an RN. This could have resulted in severe complications not only in the scenario but also in future if David was not made aware of his mistake in the dilution of the intravenous medication. 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